I've not had a chance to read all of this stuff yet as I'm at work at the mo, but check out:http://www.iee.org/TheIEE/Research/Archives/Exhibitons/MedicalElectricity/Duchenne.cfmfor history of emshttp://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4620543&id=0CEyAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=electromuscular+stimulation+researchfor fracture healing patentshttp://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/media/media,22347,en.pdfPhD thesis about painhttp://www.glutehamraise.com/documents/TomMyslinski.pdfThis is a weird document, but check the bottom of page 24 when they invesigate plyometrics and EMS jaw dropHope this helps. Has Ru joined the compex team yet? I should be on commision